CRITICISM

INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT OF SCIENTIFIC PHILOSOPHY

CRITICISM

                                   

By

NORA ANZELLITA

21391206718

PBI L1

MASTER DEGREE PROGRAM

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SULTAN SYARIF KASIM RIAU

PEKANBARU

1434 H/2013 M

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. BACKGROUND

Establishment of rationalism and empiricism flow is very contradictory. Rationalism holds that the ratio is a source of recognition or knowledge, whereas the opposite stance empiricism that experience into the source. The main character is a criticism that spawned Kantianism Immanuel Kant.

In the history of philosophy since the time of ancient Greece to pre- XX century now,has more flow springing philosophy. Each flow philosophy uniqueness respectively according to the method exercised in order to obtain permission.The modern philosopher asserts that knowledge is derived from the scriptures or teachings of religion , nor of the rulers , but the man himself. But the aspects that play a role where there is difference opinion. Flow rationalism assume that the source of knowledge is the ratios : the truth must come from the ratio ( reason ) . Flow empiricism , on the other hand , believes that experience is the source of knowledge, both spiritual, as well as the sensory. Then appeared criticism flow, trying to

Combine the two different opinions.

Immanuel Kant thus making criticism of the philosophical thought , make a synthesis and lay the basis for a variety of flow philosophy today
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804 AD) tried to hold a settlement of the dispute was with his philosophy called criticism (critical flow), Kritik der Vernunft Reinen (a critique of pure ratio),Kritik der Urteilskraft (critique of power considerations).

B. FORMULATION

1.         What is definition of criticism?
2.         How biographies and criticism of Immanuel Kant?
3.         How do the characteristics of criticism?
4.         How are thoughts of criticism
5.         How criticism in metaphysics / ontology, epistemology and axiology?

CHAPTER II

CONTENT

A. DEFINITION OF CRITICISM

Criticism is that the flow of ideas Immanuel Kant born formed as dissatisfaction over the flow of rationalism and empiricism. Criticism comes from the word that is a verb kritika krinein meaning of scrutinize, examine, discriminate. As for a more complete understanding is knowledge scrutinize, whether it corresponds to our knowledge of reality and how compliance with our lives. Additionally kritisime also be interpreted as learning delve rate capability limitations as a source of human knowledge. the overall meaning of thinking is the result of a philosophy known by the name of Immanuel Kant (1724-1804). This idea emerged from Immanuel Kant's mind because of the fundamental questions that arise in the mind of Immanuel Kant, the inquiries are :

·         What can I know?

·         What can I do?

·         What should I expect?

From the above notions can we know, criticism is very different pattern with shades of modern philosophy before the trust's ability absolute ratio.

Immanuel Kant was a philosopher who lived during the peak of the development of "Enlightenment", that is a time when patterns of thought that emphasizes the depth of element rationality growing rapidly. Pasa was born different time finding and new service paradigms of knowledge, and especially the paradigm of physics environment. Heliosentris findings Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 - 1543) in the field of astronomy which requires a paradigm geosentris, requires human interpretation of his world view, not only knowledge but also the world view of religious. Next is known as deism, which is a notion that gave birth to what is called Natural Religion (Religion of nature) or religious sense. Deism is a doctrine which acknowledges that created the universe. However, after the world was created, God gave the world to his own fate. Because he has incorporated the laws of the world into it. Everything went according to its laws. Humans can fulfill their duties in devotion to God by living in accordance with the laws of his wits.In a nutshell, that is seen as the only source and criterion of truth is reasonable.

Kant sought principles in human behavior and tendencies. This then becomes the peculiarity of Kant's philosophical thought, the metaphysics considered really different at all with the metaphysical pre Kant.

Kant's philosophy is the starting point for the new period of Western philosophy. He was overcome and Rationalism and Empiricism conclude flow, which is denied by Copleston VI. From one hand it maintains objectivity, universality, and inevitability. In Kant's philosophy, which is the main emphasis lies in the understanding and assessment activities or human. Not like empiricism that emphasizes the psychological aspect, but as a critical analysis, the new understanding of Kant, and is often called "second Copernican revolution. Kant looked rationalism and empiricism always biased in assessing intellect and experience as sources of knowledge. Kant did not resist the pure sense, it only indicates that the moral sense is limited. Pure intellect produce knowledge without sensory or independent policy from the device senses.

B. HISTORY OF IMMANUEL KANT

    (The pioneer of criticism life)

Immanuel Kant was born April 22, 1724 in Konigsberg has been renamed Kaliningrad and is part of Russia , near the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea. Kant attended college at the University of Königsberg, known as the Albertina, where his early interest in classics was quickly superseded by philosophy, which all first year students studied and which encompassed mathematics and physics as well as logic, metaphysics, ethics, and natural law. After college Kant spent six years as a private tutor to young children outside Konigsberg. By this time both of his parents had died and Kant's finances were not yet secure enough for him to pursue an academic career. He finally returned to Konigsberg in 1754 and began teaching at the Albertina the following year. For the next four decades Kant taught philosophy there.

C. DISCLAIMER OF IMMANUEL KANT

The Development of Kant's thought includes four terms;

1.      The first period was when he was influenced by Leibniz, Wolf, that is starting preparation till 1760. This period is often referred to as the period of rationalistic

2.      The second period lasted between years 1760 - 1770, which is marked by the spirit of skepticism. This period is often referred to as the period empiristik

3.      The third period started from his inaugural dissertation in 1770. This period can be a level of criticism.

4.      Fourth period lasted between 1790 to 1804. During this period, Kant turned his attention to the problems Religion and problem-social problem. Kant's most important work in the fourth period is the Religion within the Limits of Pure Reason (1794) and a collection of essays titled Eternal Peace (1795).

D. CHARACTERISTICS OF CRITICISM

1.  Assume that the object was centered on the introduction of the subject and

not on the object

2.  Ratio confirms the limited ability of humans to determine the nature of

Reality or something, because the ratio is only able to reach any symptoms or phenomenon.

3.  Explaining that the introduction of a man on all acquired in the unity of the

Role of Anaximenes priori elements derived from rate and form of space

and time and the role of aposteriori element that comes from the

experiences in the form of the material

E. CRITICISM IN METAPHYSICS/ONTOLOGY, EPISTIMOLOGY AND AXIOLOGY

1. CRITICISM METAPHYSICS/ONTOLOGY

Ontology or Metaphysics is the study of what is really real. Metaphysics deals with the so-called first principles of the natural order and the ultimate generalizations available to the human intellect. Specifically, ontology/Metaphysics seeks to indentify and establish the relationships between the catogories, if any of the types of existent things.

Ontology/Metaphysics deals with questions concerning what entities exist or can be said to exist and how such entities can be grouped, related within a hierarchy and subdivided according to similities and diffenrences. Kant wrote many sorts of criticism of reason, will, feeling, and religion. In his often called metaphysics. According to Metaphysics is a systematic description of the entire philosophical meaning can be achieved. It is thought that at least in principle possible to develop a complete systematic metaphysics but Kant from dubious metaphysical possibility and competence, because according to her metaphysical never find a definite scientific method to solve the problem, then have to be investigated first and limits the ability of senses. Kant distinguishes the sense (vertstand) ratio and heart (vernuft). The task is a sense that regulate sensory data, arguing that "decisions". As we look at something, then that something was moved to the reason, further understand its sense. Results senses processed in such a manner by reason, further work with power for preparing impressions were that it becomes an image that is controlled by the shape of space and time.

2. CRITICISM EPISTIMOLOGYS

Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that discusses the origins, sources, methods, structure and validity of knowledge or truth. In relation to science, epistemology grounding Where possible questioning process knowledge learned in the form of science. In relation to morals or values ​​of human life, in the process of science, every scientific effort should be devoted to find the truth, which is conducted with honesty, without having the benefit of certain direct and right to live by the power of individual arguments. So science is a life attitude to love the truth and hate lies. Epsitemology Criticism is a philosophy of Immanuel Kant knowledge, criticism introduced by Immanuel Kant, a philosopher century western modern. Epistemological discourse in Western literature is a discourse that is very crucial from ancient times to the present, and it is interesting to studied and may open new perspectives in the study of science multi-dimensional

Epistemological criticism offered by Immanuel Kant intends to restore properties of objectivity of knowledge. Namely criticized the validity of the science, The operations are test and determine the boundaries of science itself. With another term was about to set the terms of the validity of a science based on the basic requirements of a science that is general, absolute and can provide new knowledge.

3. CRITICISM AXIOLOGY

Axiology (from Greek axia, “value, worth”; and logos) is the branch of philosophy that studies the value in general. As the cornerstone of science, knowledge axiology questioned to what was used in the form of science. Basically science should be used and exploited for human benefit. In this case science can be used as a means or tool to improve human life by observing human nature, human dignity, and the preservation or the balance of nature. To the knowledge acquired and prepared communally used and universal. Communal means knowledge is knowledge that belongs together, everyone is entitled to make use of science according to his needs. Universal means that science has no connotation of race, ideology or religion. Axiology is the philosophical study of value. It is either the collective term for ethics and aestethics. Philosophical fields that depend on crucially of value or the foundation for these fields and thus similar to value theory and metaphysics.

CHAPTER III

CONCLUSION

A. CONCLUSION

Criticism is the result of Immanuel Kant’s philosophical thought. Immanuel Kant's criticism has actually combine the two approaches in the search for the existence of something that is also about the substantial truth of something. Kant as if to reinforce that the ratio of the absolute can’t find the truth, because the ratio does not prove, as well as experience, can’t be used as a benchmark only, as not all experience is real, but "not-real", which is so difficult to otherwise as truth.
Through this understanding, rationalism and empiricism should join in order to give birth to a new paradigm that empirical truth must be rational as rational to be empirical truths.

B. SUGGESTION

            There are so many mistakes and the weaknesses of this paper, suggestion from readers is expected.

 

REFERENCES

Muslih, Mohammad. Filsafat Ilmu. Jogjakarta: Belukar, 2004.

Allen, George & Unwin. History of philosophy Eastern and Western. London: Breadford and Dickness, Drayton house.

S.Praja.Juhaya,Aliran-aliran filsafat dan etika.Cet II;Jakarta:Prenada Media 2005.

Akhmadi,Asmoro,Filsafat Umum. Cet V; Jakarta: RajaGrafindo Persada.2003.

Anton, Bakker,Dr. 1986. Metode-Metode Filsafat. Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia

Abdul Hakim Atang,Drs dan Ahmad Saebani Beni,Drs. 1984. Filsafat Umum dari Metologi Sampai Teofilosofi. Bandung: Pustaka Setia

http://ozziexdanuarta.blogspot.com/2009/10/kritisisme-filsafat-ilmu.html